Formerly, the Army tried to keep miners out but did not succeed the threat of violence grew. In 1874, General George Custer led a reconnaissance mission into Sioux territory that reported gold in the Black Hills, an area held sacred by the local Indians. He soon became embroiled in a controversy with the new Indian agent, Dr. Red Cloud settled at the agency with his band by the fall of 1873. In the fall of 1873, the agency was removed to the upper White River in northwestern Nebraska. Red Cloud took his band to the agency (a predecessor of the Indian reservation) and tried to help them in the transition to a different way of life. The agent and Washington officials would determine how much of the annuity was to be paid in cash or goods, and sometimes the supplies were late, in poor condition, inadequate in amount, or never arrived at all. As outlined in the Treaty of 1868, the agency staff were responsible for issuing weekly rations to the Oglala, as well as providing the annually distributed supply of cash and annuity goods. In 1871, the government established the Red Cloud Agency on the Platte River, downstream from Fort Laramie. In 1870, Red Cloud visited Washington D.C., and met with Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Uneasy relations between the expanding United States and the natives continued. The treaty established the Great Sioux Reservation, covering the territory of West River, west of the Missouri River in present-day Nebraska (which had been admitted as a state in 1867), and including parts of South Dakota. The US agreed to abandon its forts and withdraw completely from Lakota territory. The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho bands, and others settled for peace with the US under the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Finding that the American Indians had been provoked by white encroachment and competition for resources, the commission recommended assigning definite territories to the Plains tribes. (See Fetterman Fight)įollowing this battle, a US peace commission toured the Plains in 1867 to gather information to help bring about peace among the tribes and with the US. Combined Indian forces suffered only 14 casualties, while they killed the entire 81-man US detachment. Fetterman and his troops followed the decoy into an ambush by more than 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. The decoy was the prominent warrior Crazy Horse. They disobeyed orders to stay behind the Lodge Trail Ridge and pursued a small decoy band of warriors, led by an Indian on an apparently injured horse. Captain Frederick Brown accompanied Fetterman the two were confident in their troops and anxious to go to battle with the Indians. Fetterman was sent from Fort Phil Kearny with two civilians and 79 cavalry and infantrymen to chase away a small Indian war party that had attacked a wood party days before.
casualties of any Plains battle up to that point. In December 1866, the Native American allies attacked and defeated a United States unit in what the whites would call the Fetterman Massacre (or the Battle of the Hundred Slain), which resulted in the most U.S. The battles were waged between the Northern Cheyenne, allied with Lakota and Arapaho bands, against the United States Army between 18.
#RED ZCLOUD SERIES#
Red Cloud's War was the name the US Army gave to a series of conflicts fought with American Indian Plains tribes in the Wyoming and Montana territories. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, even though some individual leaders such as Red Cloud were renowned as warriors and highly respected as leaders.
The large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. Some of his US opponents mistakenly thought of him as overall chief of the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota). One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful campaign in 1866–1868 known as Red Cloud's War over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.Īfter signing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), he led his people in the important transition to reservation life. Red Cloud (Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta) (1822 – December 10, 1909) was a very strong war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota. For other uses, see Red Cloud (disambiguation).
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